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Oncology and Medicine Journals - Lupine Publishers

What is beyond the Nivolumab Monotherapy approval for advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma? By Luis Mendoza In Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine (OAJOM)- Lupine Publishers


With an estimated 500,000 new cases per year, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The incidence is rising in the west, largely due to an increasing incidence of hepatitis C virus infection [1]. The majority of HCC patients are diagnosed with disease too advanced for curative treatment. Only liver resection and liver transplantation are considered curative, with poor efficiency of other modalities such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), although this may provide a modest prolongation in survival; however, the relapse in the majority of these patients is inevitable [2]. An array of translational research and pilot clinical trials have revealed that adoptive immunotherapy’s are safe by patients with HCC, but they lack efficacy [3]. Now, we are in the new era of immunotherapy’s such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T strategies, which would bring benefit to the HCC patients.On September 22, 2017, the Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to nivolumab (OPDIVO, Bristol- Myers Squibb Co.) for the treatment of HCC in patients who have been previously treated with sorafenib. The approval was based on a 154-patient subgroup of CHECKMATE-040 (NCT 01658878), a multicenter, open-label trial conducted in patients with HCC and Child-Pugh. A cirrhosis who progressed on or were intolerant to sorafenib. Patients received nivolumab 3 mg/kg by intravenous infusion every two weeks. The confirmed overall response rate, as assessed by blinded independent central review using RECIST 1.1, was 14.3% (95% CI: 9.2, 20.8), with three complete responses and 19 partial responses. The response duration ranged from 3.2 to 38.2+ months; 91% of responders had responses lasting six months or longer and 55% had responses lasting 12 months or longer. Adverse reactions occurring in patients with HCC in CHECKMATE-040 were similar to those previously reported in product labelling, with the exception of a higher incidence of elevations in transaminases and bilirubin levels [4].

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Oncology and Medicine Journals - Lupine Publishers

 

Cancer and Advantages of Immunosuppression by Mirta D Ambra in
Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine (OAJOM)
- Lupine Publishers

  

As oncologists learn to target the immune response to “self and non-self,” a delicate therapy balance will eventually be achieved with predictable outcomes, benefits, and toxicity in the fightThe study of how the immune system recognizes friend and foe, or as the immunologist Sir Macfarlane Burnet phrased it, “distinguishes between self and non-self,” has driven important discoveries that are transforming our ability to treat cancer. Over the last few clinicians have unraveled the interactions (both innate and adaptive immunity) that lead to the eradication of viruses, bacteria, parasites, and now, cancer. Notable cellular players include T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages, along with a host of secreted mediators - antibodies, complement, cytokines, and chemokines - each of which fulfills particular immunologic functions. Processes, autoimmune disease can be a consequence. These diseases also occur if shared. When the immune system fails to regulate these antigens are recognized by the immune system in cells; one example is Lambert-Eaton syndrome. Monoclonal antibodies that target tumour reactive T cells (eg, nivolumab and pembrolizumab) can also cause autoimmune disease; other examples include graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients and cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which is associated with adoptive T cell therap.

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Lupine Publishers: Journal of Veterinary Science- Lupine Publishers

Lupine Publishers: Journal of Veterinary Science- Lupine Publishers: Report of Outbreak of Ruminal Impaction Due to Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Sheep, in Northwest of Iran by Mohammad Reza Mohebbi in C...

Oncology research journals - Lupine Publishers

Targeting the Immune Checkpoint in Cancer: Is This a Viable Treatment Option for AML? by Steven J Coles in Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine (OAJOM) - Lupine Publishers

The immune suppressive mechanisms displayed by malignant cells are considered a central process in the pathogenesis of cancer. Research in this area has gained significant momentu mover the past 20 years, with several immune checkpoints identified, including; CTLA-4, CD200/CD200R, Tim-3/Galectin-9 and PD-L1/PD-1 (Figure 1). Whilst characterising the molecular basis of leukaemia for risk stratification remains at the forefront of AML research; this must now extend to understating how the seimmune checkpoint path ways fit into the equation. A good example of why this is important is to consider CD200expression level in AML, which is a negative prognostic indicator [1]. CD200 is an immunosuppressive lig and, that when engaged with its receptor CD200R, has the capacity to attenuate T-cell and NK-cell anti-tumour activity in AML. Interestingly, most cases of CBF AML express high levels of CD200, yet CBF AML performs relatively well clinically. This paradox suggests there is a complex interplay between AML molecular heterogeneity and immune surveillance. Given the recent development and FDA approval of several immune checkpoint therapies, a full understanding of these processes and integration with standard molecular risk stratification is warranted.

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