Lupine Publishers | Open Access Journal of Oncology and Medicine
Acute erythroblastic leukemia is characterized by the proliferation
of a predominant erythrocyte population on other lineages. Cutaneous
manifestations remain rare and misleading, making the diagnosis of
difficult to suspect as first-line. Here, we report an unusual and rare
case of acute leukemia in a 24 year old male with gingival hypertrophy
and dermatological manifestations. This case emphasizes that dentist and
dermatologist should be well acquainted with these manifestations of
systemic diseases.
We report the case of 24 years old patient, with no significant
pathological history, who had a rash for 10 days in a context of fever
and very bad general condition. At admission the patient was febrile,
tachycardic and dyspneic. Physical examination revealed
erythemato-purplished papulo-nodules on the face, trunk, limbs and a
gingival hyperplasia. The oral state was deplorable. Bilateral cervical
lymphadenopathy was also found without the patosplenomegaly (Figures
1-3). The biological assessment showed a CRP of 150 and a pancytopenia
with a Hbat 7.5g / dl, normal VGM and CCMH, a deep thrombocytopeniaat
85000 / l, leukocytesat 1500 / l. The blood smear showed 35% of
circulating blasts and 22% of erythroblasts (Figure 4).
Acute erythroblastic leukemia is characterized by the proliferation
of a pre dominantery throcyte population on other lineages. There are
two types: Erythroleukemia: defined by the presence in the bone marrow
of more than 50% of the erythroid precursors of all the medullary cells,
and more than 20% of myeloblasts of the whole non-erythrocytemedullary
cells - Pure erythroid leukemia: it presents a neoplastic proliferation
made of more than 80% of erythrocyte cells without obvious presence of
the myeloblastic contingent [1]. It is usually manifested by signs of
bone marrow failure and cytopenia [2,3], skin involvement remains rare,
varied and disorienting the diagnosis; they are found mainly in Acute
myelovlastic leukemia [4,5]. Cutaneous manifestations during leukemia
are infrequent and varied. They designate all the cutaneouslesions
related to the haematological malignancy directly or indirectly
following their treatment; we essentially distinguish.
The specific dermatological lesions which can reveal hematological diseases [4], are mainly represented by leukaemides (leukaemia cutis), which are red brown to purple dermal papules, plaques or nodules. Granulocyticsarcom as an extra-medullary tumour masses, ulcerated plaques and gingival hypertrophy [5]. The infectious dermatoses secondary to the biological disturbances accompanying the malignan themopathy and their treatments. The occurrence of specific cutaneouslesions in leukemia is synonymous with a major aggravation of the prognosis (with for example a survival twice as short if there is a specific cutaneous involvement); this seriousness make some authors propose different treatments with a medium-long stay hospitalization[6-8].
In our case, acute myelonlastic leukemia 6 (AML 6 ) was revealed by diffuse leukemias resulting from the infiltration and proliferation of malignantha ematological cells (blasts) in the skin and by gingival hyperplasia secondary to mucosal infiltration [5]. The clinical presentation of acute leukemia including AML6 in the form of ulcer ativenecroticgingivitis in the foreground, is a rare form to be remembered, mentioned in all courses of medicine and dentistry, stipulating that Gingival involvement is a classic feature of leukemia [6] The frequent association of skin cancers with haematological malignancies is also highlighted in several publications [5].
The cutaneous localizations are among the rarest extreme dullary
lesions of acute myeloid leukaemia’s (AML) not exceeding 1%. They are
generally considered as factors of worse prognosis. Their cytogenetic or
mutational specificities remain un established to date.
Abstract
Case Report
Figure 1: Clinical Manifestations of AML.
Figure 2: Clinical Manifestations of AML.
Figure 3: Clinical Manifestations of AML.
Figure 4: Blood smear showing 35% of circulating blasts.
The medullo gram showed a hyper-cellular marrow with a rate of
myeloblasts greater than 45% compared to all non-erythroblastic elements
and erythroblastic hyperplasia estimated at more than 65%; with signs
of dyserythropoiesis suggestive of the diagnosis of erythroleukemia
(Figure 5). Blood immune phenol typing was positive for CD13, CD33, MPO
and Glycophotin A. The evolution was unfavourable; the patient died due
to massive alveolarhemorrhage.
Figure 5: Hyper cellular marrow infiltrated by a blastic contingent estimated at 45%.
Discussion
The specific dermatological lesions which can reveal hematological diseases [4], are mainly represented by leukaemides (leukaemia cutis), which are red brown to purple dermal papules, plaques or nodules. Granulocyticsarcom as an extra-medullary tumour masses, ulcerated plaques and gingival hypertrophy [5]. The infectious dermatoses secondary to the biological disturbances accompanying the malignan themopathy and their treatments. The occurrence of specific cutaneouslesions in leukemia is synonymous with a major aggravation of the prognosis (with for example a survival twice as short if there is a specific cutaneous involvement); this seriousness make some authors propose different treatments with a medium-long stay hospitalization[6-8].
In our case, acute myelonlastic leukemia 6 (AML 6 ) was revealed by diffuse leukemias resulting from the infiltration and proliferation of malignantha ematological cells (blasts) in the skin and by gingival hyperplasia secondary to mucosal infiltration [5]. The clinical presentation of acute leukemia including AML6 in the form of ulcer ativenecroticgingivitis in the foreground, is a rare form to be remembered, mentioned in all courses of medicine and dentistry, stipulating that Gingival involvement is a classic feature of leukemia [6] The frequent association of skin cancers with haematological malignancies is also highlighted in several publications [5].
Conclusion
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